Saturday, February 23, 2019

Compassion, Noumenon, Self-Denial

Schopenhauer's Morality of Compassion combines neutralizing one's own desires and alleviating the suffering of others.  However, as straightforward as this complementarity may seem, it involves a significant incoherence.  For, the systematic basis of the priority of Compassion in Schopenhauer's system is the superiority of the unitary Noumenal Will to Live over Phenomenal multiplicity.  But the latter entails that any Individuality, and, hence, any Individual Selfhood, is a mere Phenomenon.  If so, then any proposed combination of such a Phenomenon and Noumenal Will--Self-Interest, Individual Will, etc., is ungrounded in his system.  Accordingly, the only meaning that 'self-denial' could have is 'recognition that the Self is a mere Phenomenon', not 'negation of selfish desire'.  Furthermore, the problem is not easily rectified, since any introduction of a middle term between Will and Self would violate the rigid antitheses--Noumenon vs. Phenomenon, Universal vs. Individual--that are the grounds of the doctrine.  So, Schopenhauer has in his discovery of a Universal Will to Live a basis for a repudiation of the Atomism that dominates both the Rationalism and Empiricism of the era, but the conceptual resources at his disposal, themselves products of that Atomism, hinder a coherent development of it.

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