Monday, August 31, 2009

Kantian Space and Time

One of Kant's notable achievements was to de-mystify Space and Time without trivializing them. Time, i. e. Chronos, was an ancient diety, and Space, i. e. Place, had Metaphysical significance for Aristotle. Newton's physical universe is a contraption built by God, in which Space and Time are the ultimate conditions. In contrast, Leibniz' universe is as much God's creation, but it is pluralistic, meaning that experience in it is perspectival, entailing that there are multiple Spaces and Times, but no single absolute Space and Time of which they are all versions. If Leibnizian Space and Time are perspectival, but still objective, Hume subjectivizes them. For him, Space and Time are not objects of immediate experience, but are merely abstract mental comparisons. In his attempt to hit upon a middle ground between Objective Perspectivism and Subjectivism, Kant transcended both by revolutionizing the very conception of Experience. In contrast with the long tradition of treating Experience as an undergoing of a pre-given objective world by a passive subject, Kant anthropomorphizes the world by construing it as the product of one's active construction. In other words, what we immediately experience, we have constructed. That is not to say that it is a piece of fiction--sense information is raw material from the objective world, but it is shaped by subjective structures, so what we actually experience immediately is structured raw material. Now, two of those basic experiential structures are Space and Time. For Kant, Space is the 'Form of Outer Sense', and Time is the 'Form of Inner Sense'. Hence, the problems with his notions of 'Outer' and 'Inner' that I have previously addressed are entailed by his notions of Space and Time.

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