Will to Live and Death Drive

One of Freud's innovations is one of his subsidiary concepts.  One of Spinoza's under-appreciated insights is that entailed in the concept of a Will to Live is the impossibility of self-destruction, i. e. the destruction of a Mode can come only from without, of which an apparent 'suicidal' thought is merely an inadequate idea.  Similarly misinterpreted is Schopenhauer's denial of the Will to Live, which can be diagnosed as merely a vital attempt to escape pain, just as Nietzsche detects in apparent Nihilism a Will to continue to Will.  So, in sharp contrast, Freud's Death Drive, later aka the Thanatos Principle, which attributes to humans an impulse to self-annihilation without ulterior motive, e. g. going to Heaven, challenges the well-established Psychological principle.  Now, that attribution is in accord with popular images of self-destructive behavior, but among those images is the false one associated with lemmings, plus, Freud is rarely nearly as methodologically rigorous as is Spinoza.  So, his Death Drive remains a provocative though not well-grounded hypothesis.