History and Teleology

Because Kant classifies Teleology as 'Reflective', his concept of a Telos of History is no more than heuristic.  However, Hegel is less cautious, conceiving History as the primary determinant of the course of events, combining Teleological Rationality and Christian Messianism.  So, though Marx inverts Hegel's concept, with a Materialist version of Dialectics, he still inherits its subordination of all humans to its Necessity.  Likewise, Heidegger's 'History of Being', even if it reverses the progressive pattern of such Teleology, is just as determinative.  In contrast, because Nietzsche conceives all 'Theory', even that of History, as 'Interpretation', he, more than these other German pioneers of the Philosophy of History, recovers Kant's respect for the Humean skepticism that is the prelude to the tradition.  Indeed, by conceiving History as an object of either "use" or "abuse", Nietzsche anticipates the kind of Pragmatist concept of it with which Dewey confronts Trotsky in 1939.