Friday, December 22, 2017

Empiricism and Causality

Hume's concept of Causality is often rendered as Constant Conjunction.  However, that formulation is imprecise in two respects: that it is an observed pattern of association, but, more important, a previously observed pattern of association that, by habit, is expected to continue in the future.  But, a habit itself is a past pattern that is expected to continue in the future.  Thus, as Kant eventually discerns, the concept is rooted in a cognitive mechanism, that, if not innate, is prior to any experience.  Furthermore, there is no consideration in Hume's analysis of the type of Causality that is of especial interest to Bacon: the deliberate attempt to produce effects, which when repeatedly successful, can be formulated, via Induction, as a scientific law.  In that context, Causality is Production; the Conjunction is that of Attempt and Success;  the sequence is actively generated, not merely passively observed; and any expectation of repetition is based on confidence, not habit.  So, significant differences between Baconian Empiricism and Foundational Empiricism are epitomized by their respective concepts of Causality.

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